which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

d. hormone therapy. 145. This is known as Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. 110. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. In this case, extinction continues. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. b. family structure and communication. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. c. the conscious mind. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? Preconditioning. Figure 2.9 shows that that are two main components that make up a reinforcement schedule when you will reinforce and what is being reinforced. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. 73. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. b. overgeneralization. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? 2.3.4.2. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? c. humanistic-existential c. operant conditioning. b. ego. Module 6: Dissociative Disorders - Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders c. humanistic-existential New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. b. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. 84. 62. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. 45. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. 41. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. 2.3.3.3. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. a. humanistic b. change behaviors that are damaging to the relationship. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. 146. c. illogical thinking. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? Respondent conditioning. Our attribution in these two cases is in error, but still, it comes to affect how we see the world and our subjective well-being. d. known risk and protective factors. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. 140. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. How so? Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. 2.2.1.1. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. The final section is a Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. The nervous system. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. 106. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. a. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. c. resistance. 2.3.1.5. 2.2.1.2. Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. b. delusional thinking. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. b. modeling. d. fixation. 99. b. b. the pleasure principle. 58. a. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. d. latency stage. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. 17. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). 88. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? A person with a controlling mother is getting help. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. It is difficult to research this perspective. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. What is learning and what forms does it take? After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. 2.2.1.3. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. a. a. So what do we do with this information? 92. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? 21. b. negative transference. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. b. existential therapy. 2. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. b. humanistic. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. 72. 2.2.2.2. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. Treatment starts with determining situations in which assertiveness is lacking and developing a hierarchy of assertiveness opportunities. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. Multidimensional Approaches to Understanding Mental Illness | Abnormal Participants have similar issues. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? b. social factors leading to stress. b. ethnographic studies. They are tied to experiences early in life. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. b. rationalization. Maybe I am not paid weekly now. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. Also of importance to the neuron is the myelin sheath or the white, fatty covering which: 1) provides insulation so that signals from adjacent neurons do not affect one another and, 2) increases the speed at which signals are transmitted. b. biological. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? E. Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false? A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. c. tertiary prevention. Figure 2.9. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. Infants tend to do things that feel good. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? b. exposure b. behavior-focused therapists. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Humanists and existentialists both agree that: a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. b. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. d. lend itself easily to research. a. guidelines. Schemas and cognitive errors. Neural transmission. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. 2.4: The Sociocultural Model - Social Sci LibreTexts Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. Why is this? Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? 2.3.1.1. d. sociocultural. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. c. psychoanalytic theory. What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. a. Neurotransmitters are released. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. c. enmeshed. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. PSYC 203 Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality, Week 12: CNS Drugs Neurodegenerative, Neurolo, Week 11: PNS Drugs (Cholinergic, Adrenergic). For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. c. unconditional positive regard. To be considered distinct from other conditions, a mental illness must have its own set of symptoms. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. 126. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. b. dendrites. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. A patient has social anxiety disorder. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? b. ego. b. resistance. c. gestalt The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. 2.3.1.3. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. 2.2.3.3. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. 77. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. 78. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. 48. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. The strategies arise from all three learning models. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. 144. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. See Figure 2.1 below. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. 39. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. b. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. It is difficult to research this perspective. 148. c. superego. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. Conditioning is when learning occurs. b. cognitive-behavioral b. repression. d. propositions. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. A) illogical thinking patterns. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. Cognitive therapies. 122. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. d. client-centered therapy. a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. b. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. Which is an example of latent content? The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. 130. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. 93. c. operant conditioning. The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? a. gestalt b. is not led by a professional clinician. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms.

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