The Bantu Expansion was probably the biggest example of genocide 4in human history. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. The phenomenon was known as the Mfecane, or Difaqane, or the Scattering. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. The so called Bantu expansion or migration is highly suspect. Mai Mai militia groups aided in the formation of military bases within the Hutu Refugee camps. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. Derek Nurse und Grard Philippson: The Bantu Languages. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. Archaeological evidence from the separate works of Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 & 1988) and Rigobert Tuech (2000) in the region reveals that this region has been inhabited by the same culture for 5 millennia, from 3000 B.C to date. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. But the Zulu race itself was not innocent of genocide. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. and The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. The story begins with a popular African tale. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. Dingiswayo very quickly noticed that the young Shaka possessed a particular talent for war, and took him into his army. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. Zulu Warriors in full Battle Regalia Source: i.imgur.com. Furthermore, both the Khoisan and Pygmies still mostly have their own specific Y-DNA haplogroups. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. The early stages of migration were slow. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. As for (2), the chapter argues that the earliest Bantu speakers had their own archeologically visible culture, but they were not farmers. This monumental event has attracted significant debate and speculation that recent research has endeavored to resolve. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. Also when the Portuguese started buying slaves from Africa the Bantu Expansion was given a new boost. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. . [35] Other pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by AD 300 along the coast, and the modern Limpopo Province (formerly Northern Transvaal) by AD 500. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Historical Maps, Prints, Photographs and Books, Off Green Island, Bass Strait, 1893 Framed Print, Port Jackson from Vaucluse, c1800 Framed Print, Taking back the Homeland Ethiopian Guerrillas in World War II, Doggerland: The Lost World Beneath the North Sea, Interesting Stories of the Mound-Building Native American Civilizations of the Midwest, Map of New Holland and Asiatic Isles, 1814 Framed Print, reproduce it please get in touch via this form, The Conquerors Perspective: Why Europe Has so Many Different Languages, A Continents Currency: 20 years of the Euro, The Roman dead: new techniques are revealing just how diverse Roman Britainwas, Secondary school textbooks teach our kids the myth that Aboriginal Australians were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. Over the next 500 years, Bantu-speakers moved eight times the previous distance (an average of 4000km). However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. [18] From Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate, and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo) and West Bantu peoples (e.g. These innovations facilitated population growth and the division of labour, forming powerful Bantu-controlled African states in the process. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. 22 January 2009. Because he's literate And using reason to research DNA and other recorded information. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. See below. Again, you do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. They generally lack case inflection, but grammatical gender is characteristic, with some languages having two dozen genders (noun classes). Total loading time: 0 Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. 1 This article is based on a paper read at the Royal Society of Arts on 5 May 1966 and printed in that Society's Journal, CXIV (1966), 85269. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. III and VII.Google Scholar, 25 For example, Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 110.Google Scholar, 26 Ihle, A., Das alte Knigreich Kongo (Leipzig, 1929).Google Scholar, 27 Oliver and Mathew, op. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. The Bantu languages, a closely-knit family of 440 to 680 languages (depending on how one distinguishes between a language and a dialect), are spoken across the southern third of the African continent, from the boundary between modern day Nigeria and Cameroon in the west, to southern Somali in the east, and as far south as the Cape. In the process, the Proto-Bantu-speaking settlers displaced or absorbed pre-existing hunter-gatherer and pastoralist groups that they encountered. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. This inspired the Bantu to conquer more areas to capture more slaves and expand further . If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. Partisans in France, Yugoslavia, the Eastern Front and the Philippines have much written about them. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. A prime example is the Southern African Kingdom of Mapungubwe. Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. Michael C. Campbell and Sarah A. Tishkoff, "The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa,", "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", "On the edge of Bantu expansions: MtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of NigerCongo groups", "Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route", "Early migrations into East Africa | Enzi", "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy HunterGatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set", "Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa", "Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion", "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals", "Bantu Language Trees Reflect the Spread of Farming across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Maximum-Parsimony Analysis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_expansion&oldid=1142078895, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 11:21. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. We won't share your contact details with anyone. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. The root of the verb tends to remain unchanged, with either particles or auxiliary verbs expressing tenses and moods. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. However, beneath the sea lies evidence of a lost world a mass of land that []. The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Upon the death of his illegitimate father, the king of the minor Zulu clan, Shaka seized the ascension, killing all rivals, after which he began to build a society forged by war and bloodshed. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. In 2004, Somali Bantus from this group began arriving for permanent resettlement in the U.S. Acts of genocide are normally committed by state agents, for example by soldiers in the employ of the national military or by militias who have the support of those who hold state power. 18091. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. Their two-metre-long assegais were no match for the Zulus' iKlwa, and they died in their hundreds. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. [5], The expansion is believed to have taken place in at least two waves, between about 3,000 and 2,000 years ago (approximately 1,000 BC to AD 1). In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. The Bantu Expansion: How Bantu People Changed Sub-Saharan Africa Reading time: 4 minutes About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. Cushites and more specifically Somali genocide is unfortunately coming. Summary. Roberts, A. D. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. It's not white supremacist to study history. It is thought that Central African Pygmies and Bantus branched out from a common ancestral population c. 70,000 years ago. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. Congo, Gabon) between 2500 BC and 1200 BC.[18]. The Bantu people wielded significant influence and undoubtedly dominated every area they settled in. That child, a boy, was given the name Shaka, a pejorative reference to an intestinal parasite. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Yet there's no evidence for both migrations. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. The first 500 years were spent moving a few hundred kilometers through the dense West Central African rainforest. His Impis, or regiments, were relentless and unstoppable. There is strength in numbers and our Bantu speaking ancestors always had large families consistent with our pro-natalist mindset. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. Oliver and Mathew, op. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. That's a bold claim. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. The Tutsi's . In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708 The infamous Rwandan genocide was triggered by the tensions between the Hutus and Tutsis. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. These are huge areas. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. The Bantu people brought iron-smelting technology and subsistence farming to areas previously dominated by hunter-gatherers or early pastoralists. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? The Hutu are almost similar to the Tutsi who are also an ethnic majority in Rwanda. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India.
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