Aug 2016. /F3 23 0 R -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence /F3 23 0 R /S /Transparency /Type /Page -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others Fugelsang . >> -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. /Type /Group -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. /Type /Font /Group << %PDF-1.5 What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? /FirstChar 32 /BM /Normal 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. 7,000 & 6,000 \\ >> /F4 24 0 R /F2 22 0 R /ca 1 >> /Encoding /Identity-H >> -Summer camp for boys with two groups, they had flags and motto's etc /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Tabs /S PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. /F3 23 0 R What is conformity? << -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating /F5 25 0 R Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. /BaseFont /Times-Roman "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. /S /Transparency Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. << /Type /Group 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we /StructParents 1 /Type /Group a. >> /F1 21 0 R It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . /Chartsheet /Part . Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? >> attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. << /Type /Catalog -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one /StructParents 4 What is obedience? -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /F1 21 0 R continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts /F5 25 0 R << To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? /F4 24 0 R /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /Resources << [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) /F1 21 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> Contents. Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. /Tabs /S Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". /F3 23 0 R To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R What are some real world consequences of attributions? Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /F4 24 0 R [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. /Resources << That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. /GS8 28 0 R >> [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). What are its real world consequences? 29 0 obj 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R /Annots [51 0 R] Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors /Subtype /Type1 /GS8 28 0 R /Footnote /Note >> /ExtGState << 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] /GS7 27 0 R [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. << -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. /Type /Group Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. >> Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. /Resources << -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Tabs /S /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Type /Group -Conformity: This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. >> What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? You could also do it yourself at any point in time. /Tabs /S 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R /Contents 39 0 R << As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. /Lang (en-US) >> /Type /ExtGState Pennycook . Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. /Group << 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R /GS7 27 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true >> >> -Differs: -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? /StructParents 9 /CS /DeviceRGB "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. What are its consequences? % /CS /DeviceRGB Everything you always wanted to know. >> /ExtGState << /CS /DeviceRGB as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. /F3 23 0 R -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. ] Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. >> << Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. /Subtype /TrueType /Parent 2 0 R AVERSIVE /Parent 2 0 R -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) /GS7 27 0 R DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. << [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} /Parent 2 0 R >> /GS8 28 0 R 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R << Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B /Slide /Part endobj 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 /F2 22 0 R endobj The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. /F1 21 0 R [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. (1950s) a. 1) time - short of time = use cog. First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. << Sandrine . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. With efficiency as the key consideration in decision making, the cognitive miser uses mental shortcuts in appraising decision problems. 18 0 obj -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous /CS /DeviceRGB /Footer /Sect /Font << A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 /StructParents 7 /Count 13 What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R /Worksheet /Part What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? << /StructParents 6 >> Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. /Resources << As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. >> In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. Naive scientist b. endobj Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . /F3 23 0 R But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. /FirstChar 32 /MarkInfo << 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 /F2 22 0 R 0 333 0 667 556 833 667 722 0 0 /Contents 43 0 R In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. /ToUnicode 367 0 R traits associated with the stereotype. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. If not, give a counterexample. Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? 7 0 obj /Type /Page >> "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] stream [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. /CS /DeviceRGB /S /Transparency /Parent 2 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R /Group << An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. The process of understanding what something is by knowing /Type /Page >> /GS8 28 0 R endobj -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches -Cognitive component: stereotypes First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. /GS8 28 0 R This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do endobj -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right
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