As a result of successive potato famines that produced widespread starvation, 1.5 million people migrated to the United States from ______ in the nineteenth century and settled mostly in ______ areas. Psychological Bulletin, 112(3), 536552. Ann Hopkins' case is an example of: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 735754. c. segregation. d. Black women under age 35, Compared to 30 years ago, modern children's school textbooks: Tajfel and Wilkes (1963) performed a simple experiment that provided a picture of the potential outcomes of categorization. B. in-group bias c. Ireland; rural A common strategy for gaining compliance used by car salespeople is the door-in-the-face technique. Furthermore, he argues that women are getting too many breaks in job hiring and that qualified men are the targets of discrimination. b. Melting pot a. Northwestern Europe. b. male generic language. 5 d. honesty is one trait more strongly associated with working-class than middle-class women. The bogus pipeline: A new paradigm for measuring affect and attitude. (1978). c. serve to maintain the power imbalance between women and men. EPCA also requires the U.S. Department of Energy (``DOE'') to. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Order. b. discrimination. diffusion of ability, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. ", Which of the following language practices directly reflect the belief of male as normative? Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are nonwhite. Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. C) The more complex the category, the less likely we are to use prototype theory. 12.1 Social Categorization and Stereotyping Learning Objectives Describe the fundamental process of social categorization and its influence on thoughts, feelings, and behavior. abilities c. laws limiting the rights of blacks in South Africa under apartheid Women who participate in traditional feminine sports such as tennis or gymnastics get more When a minority member experiences a microaggression, they 2 It is deliberate and conscious. b. 18. . b. 26 percent; 6 percent New York, NY: The Guilford Press. more: Categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping. Steve's attitude is an example of d. Native Americans. False, Which of the following is an example of a situational attribution? 15. C. purposeful 4 We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and our failures to the shortcomings of others. a. Racism is no longer a significant problem for Blacks. b. Find f(x)f^\prime(x)f(x) and find the value(s) of x where the tangent line is horizontal. IV. Alex says, "That man is incredibly rude." It outlawed the racial segregation of lunch counters and other public places. Stereotypes may influence our performance on important tasks through stereotype threat. (1993). White men performed more poorly on a math test when they were told that their performance would be compared with that of Asian men (Aronson, Lustina, Good, Keough, & Steele, 1999), and Whites performed more poorly than Blacks on a sport-related task when it was described to them as measuring their natural athletic ability (Stone, 2002). c. have increased use of sexual imagery in recent years. He argues that if there is a womens studies program, then there should be a mens studies program too. c. TV commercials. Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? b. parents perceive newborn daughters as more delicate and weaker than newborn sons. But when the images are arranged such that the women and the strong categories are on the same side, whereas the men and the weak categories are on the other side, most participants make more errors and respond more slowly. . Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). b. essentialism. d. Develop the estimated regression equation by computing the values of b0b_0b0 and b1b_1b1 using equations (14.6) and (14.7). B. c) the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton trilogy revisited and revised. For instance, in one version of the IAT, participants are shown pictures of men and women and also shown words related to gender stereotypes (e.g., strong, leader, or powerful for men and nurturing, emotional, or weak for women). b. African Americans b. experiencing discrimination in employment significance level. But research has found that stereotypes are often used out of our awareness, which makes it very difficult for us to correct for them. c. male as normative. a. social role theory. C. The point at which sales revenue equals contribution margin. . b. "The fund-raising committee chairman suggested that the group sponsor a raffle." In 2019, approximately 53.6 million metric tons of electronic and electric waste (e-waste) was generated globally, and according to some estimations the annual amount of e-waste will exceed 74 million metric tons by 2030 (Forti et al., 2020: 23).Branded as a solution, the circular economy promises to "design out" waste and keep products and materials in circulation through optimized . 3, pp. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). b. modern sexism and benevolent sexism. b. having few billable hours b. physical attractiveness (1984). Psychological Review, 100(1), 109128. d. a and b, Which of the following statements regarding the portrayal of women of color on television is/are b. Martin Luther King Jr. We experience more negative affect (particularly anxiety) when we are with members of other groups than we do when we are with people from our own groups, and we need to use more cognitive resources to control our behavior because of our anxiety about revealing our stereotypes or prejudices (Butz & Plant, 2006; Richeson & Shelton, 2003). a. whites B. practicing discrimination d. abelism, Which of the following groups of women is unlikely to be perceived as nurturers? On the 72nd hole of the U.S. Open golf tournament, Phil Mickelson misses a one-foot putt that would have won the championship. c. working-class women are perceived more positively than are middle-class women. Black drivers are more than twice as likely as white drivers to be searched during a vehicle stop (even after controlling for variables such as the reason the car was stopped), but they are found in possession of contraband 26 percent less often than white drivers. d. ambivalent sexism. d. Middle Easterners are nonwhite and North Africans are white. c. It outlawed discriminatory voting practices. a. racism d. her unfeminine walk. In the IAT, participants are asked to classify stimuli that they view on a computer screen into one of two categories by pressing one of two computer keys, one with their left hand and one with their right hand. (1974). a. more favorably than older men (2011). 4 His remark is considered a collectivistic remark. (1992). attitude best reflects: Estimate with 90% confidence the number of American adults who were working full time. As recently as 15 years ago, the few visible gay characters were usually portrayed negatively b. d. poor diet. a. show less gender bias 3 Two tennis players become good friends. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. In these situations, there is a discrepancy between our positive concept of our skills and abilities and the negative stereotypes suggesting poor performance. b. portrayal of gender-based social roles c. wicked a. a. German Americans a. stress the importance of improving one's physical attractiveness through diet, exercise and d. by attempting to act as if race does not exist, whites perpetuate inequalities. Do you think the cultural stereotypes about your group have ever influenced your performance on a task. c. segregation. Aim In this study we aimed to evaluate the quality of information regarding premature ejaculation . 4 situational. Lippman, W. (1922). d. Hispanics are neither white nor nonwhite. Selected Answer: Social categorization In apartheid-era South Africa, laws forced Blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races. b. working-class women are perceived more negatively than are middle-class women. materials b. African Americans Shortening the project by assigning more resources to one or more of the critical tasks is called "project crashing." women. d. hostile; benevolent, ____ percent of men surveyed in 1977 felt women should tend to the children and home while We tend to see people who belong to the same social group as more similar than they actually are, and we tend to judge people from different social groups as more different than they actually are. Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages. b. emigration. c. from 1986 to 2008 a. new immigrant groups assume the attitudes and language of the dominant community. QUICKBOOKSADVANCE EXAM SECTION 1. Aboud, F. E., & Doyle, A.-B. Annual non-discrimination testing is required for a plan that integrates with Social Security. b. As of August 2011, the interest rate earned on oneyear U.S. Treasury bills was 0.11%0.11 \%0.11%. When our stereotypes lead us to be believe that we are likely to perform poorly on a task, we experience a feeling of unease and status threat. Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E., & Brewer, M. B. San Diego, CA: Elsevier. c. being forced to listen to jokes that belittle women C. A worker receives benefits only if the work-related injury was not his or her fault. Factor analytic approaches suggest that these data reflect the influence of a . b. assimilation. Nosek, B. (Ed.). Scientific American, 223, 96102. Reggie and his family are well off financially. Immigrants to the United States from 1820 to 1880 were mostly from Sarah feels that her positions are correct, and she believes they are true not only for her but for women in general. Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Similar effects occur when we categorize other people. c. 35 The terms "hag," "wicked old witch" and "old maid" are examples of: Which of the following statements about TV depiction of older adults is/are true? Race and ethnicity are both forms of social categorization. Imagine, however, that as the conversation continues, Sarah brings up an assignment that she is completing for her womens studies class. d. displacement. On the cognitive side, individuals who are experiencing stereotype threat show an impairment in cognitive processing that is caused by increased vigilance toward the environment and attempts to suppress their stereotypical thoughts. In this case, social categorization would probably be useful because a police officer or a taxi driver might be particularly likely to know the layout of the city streets. involvement Gonzales, P. M., Blanton, H., & Williams, K. J. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Political Premier League . He wants to move to Canada and become a permanent citizen. Other activities can be carried out by either physicians or paramedics. Southern European Americans Once we begin to see the members of outgroups as more similar to each other than they actually are, it then becomes very easy to apply our stereotypes to the members of the groups without having to consider whether the characteristic is actually true of the particular individual. John is expressing his opinions, and Sarah is expressing hers. d. The majority of teen magazines for girls focus on self and career development more than on Effects of multiple task demands upon memory for information about social groups. c. spotlighting d. often understand it as a compliment, since it is often meant as a compliment. Stereotype threat is not, however, absolutewe can get past it if we try. b. handicapism A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. 4 You are polite and civil to people you dislike. Race in the making: Cognition, culture and the childs construction of human kinds. b. b. Prejudice toward female leaders: Backlash effects and womens impression management dilemma. For instance, the stereotypes (which are held by many people) that women are nurturing and that men are dominant may occur in part because, on average, men and women find themselves in different social roles within a culture (Eagly & Steffen, 1984). White women over age 35 If Franklin treats an individual differently than he normally would because of characteristics the individual shares with a certain group, then Franklin is __________. Subaccounts provide more detail on accounts in reports in a simple and straightforward way You can collapse or expand each group of accounts on reports, depending on the arrow direction next to the group Subaccount balances appear indented under the parent account on reports Subaccounts do not count . Which statement is the BEST explanation of the fundamental attribution error? relationships and domestic topics. ______ refers to a type of social identity related to ancestry (perceived or real) and cultural differences which become effective or active in certain contexts. The term psychologists use for how physically close two people are to each other is ________. How can cognitive dissonance help to reduce unconsciously prejudiced or discriminatory behavior? Eastern European Americans What were the "black codes"? B. Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). d. a and b, Which of the following statements about the differential treatment of females and males in b. girls, more than boys, were described as "little." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(5), 456467. d. generalization. In these procedures, participants are asked to make a series of judgments about pictures or descriptions of social groups and then to answer questions as quickly as they can, but without making mistakes. Which group has the highest rate of hypertension? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 335. Although Anthony, an African American, was more productive at work than Francisco, a Hispanic American, Anthony was given a raise but not Francisco because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans. Furthermore, attempting to prevent our stereotype from coloring our reactions to others takes effort. Our friends also tend to hold beliefs similar to ours, and we talk about these beliefs when we get together with them (Schaller & Conway, 1999). c. Black children and white children still attend separate schools in most rural areas of the South. d. The more extensive the changes associated with the event, the less the stress. Both PERT and CPM require that network tasks have unchanging durations. c. Categorization makes our lives more efficient by guiding our decision-making. "Female professor receives prestigious grant." What term would be used to characterize her argument? This problem has been solved! As you can see in Figure 12.4 Perceptual Accentuation, the experiment involved having research participants judge the length of six lines. b. Saturday morning cartoons. All of the following statements concerning the Social Security system are correct EXCEPT: The Social Security retirement benefit is payable at normal retirement age with reduced benefits available as early as age 59 , to anyone who has obtained at least . Taylor, S. E., Fiske, S. T., Etcoff, N. L., & Ruderman, A. J. She lost her case and left Price Waterhouse. a. stereotyping. Which of the following statements are accurate? Even if many women are more emotional than are most men, not all are, and it is not right to judge any one woman as if she is. C. It forms the anterior boundary of the interventricular . Using our stereotypes to size up another person might simply make our life easier (Macrae, Bodenhausen, Milne, & Jetten, 1994). The results of Crandall's studies on bulimia in sororities are consistent with which of the following statements? Belinda is part of a jury that is split evenly between those who feel the defendant is guilty and those who feel the defendant is not guilty. More than three-quarters of the nearly 59 million immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from You can see that an interaction that began at individual level, as two individuals conversing, has now turned to the group level, in which John has begun to consider himself as a man, and Sarah has begun to consider herself as a woman. 262 courses. Stereotypes are frequently expressed on TV, in movies, and in chat rooms and blogs, and we learn a lot of our beliefs from these sources. d. b and c, In examining women's sexuality in music and music videos, which of the following statements School Liberty University - Lynchburg, VA. The nature of prejudice. b. Social traps do not benefit groups sharing the same interest because two groups focused on fulfilling their own best interest without acknowledging the actions of the other group involved often leads to neither group benefiting. Parental and peer influences on childrens racial attitudes. The outcome is that the stereotypes become linked to the group itself in a set of mental representations (Figure 12.5). Asymmetric search of individuating information about stereotyped group members. by pressing either the Yes button or the No button using either their left hand or their right hand. Stereotypes and prejudice may create discrimination. b. hostile sexism. c. "Throughout history mankind has been plagued by disease." New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. In addition to learning less about them because we see and interact with them less, we routinely categorize outgroup members, thus making them appear more cognitively similar (Haslam, Oakes, & Turner, 1996). A., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). Which of the following would be an example of a situational attribution? Which of the following minority groups is the largest? (2007). The following statements concerning the thalamus are correct EXCEPT: A. answer:-opruon 1 The Social Security retirement benefit is payable at normal retirem . c. economic factors B., & Jetten, J. b. serve to justify and maintain patriarchal social structures. Thinking about others in terms of their group memberships is known as social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. 2 "I did a good job because the task was easy." Furthermore, aspects of language, such as accent, play a crucial role in the . Beliefs about the characteristics of the groups and the members of those groups are known as stereotypes. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. Influence of impression-management goals on the emerging content of group stereotypes: Support for a social-evolutionary perspective. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? a. Northwestern Europe. We actively categorize not only objects, but also ideas and events. As you can see in Table 12.1 Name Confusions, the mistakes were such that the statements that had actually been made by a man were more frequently wrongly attributed to another man in the group than to another woman, and the statements actually made by a woman were more frequently attributed to other women in the group than to a man. This fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism? a. the Whorfian hypothesis. The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes Along with crystallized intelligence (Gc), domain-specific knowledge (Gkn) is an important ability within the nomological net of acquired knowledge. d. 50. Stone, J. d. all of the above, Recent research indicates that _____ sexism actually has a more harmful effect on women's Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva argues that He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant, who is white. Sechrist, G. B., & Stangor, C. (2001). One common measure involves asking participants to take a seat on a chair near a person from a different racial or ethnic group and measuring how far away the person sits (Sechrist & Stangor, 2001; Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). Benefits include medical care costs and disability income. (2002). Which of the following statements about categorization is most correct? Stereotype threat and the intellectual performance of African Americans. 4 The participants were given two chances at responding. The participants tended to agree about what traits were true of which groups, and this was true even for groups of which the respondents were likely to never have met a single member (Arabs and Russians). At the last second, one of Reggie's teammates misses a shot that costs his team the game. A researcher examines the differences in assimilation rates of new immigrants in the United States vs. Europe. Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______. a. there are no differences in the stereotypes applied to working-class and middle-class women. d. Latin America or Asia. Brown, R. (1995). If the jury cannot decide on a verdict, a mistrial will be declared. 18 All surveys are administered before instructions for the investment game to minimize strategic responses by subjects. d. modern sexism. c. parents perceptions of their infant's physical features closely match medical assessments. d. Whites sometimes assume that the Asian American person they are speaking to is an immigrant. And we behave toward women in ways that makes it more difficult for them to lead. a. create massive numbers of jobs. 1 affective In R. V. Kail (Ed. a. Mrs. Jane Sullivan And this social categorization might lead them to become more aware of the positive characteristics of their college (the excellent basketball team, lovely campus, and intelligent students) in comparison with the characteristics of the other school. Battling doubt by avoiding practice: The effects of stereotype threat on self-handicapping in White athletes. 2 The confederates were all adults. ability New York, NY: Harcourt & Brace. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. The cluster of traits that includes being independent, ambitious, and achievement-oriented is, According to the text, in North American society _______ traits are more likely to be associated. 1. the standards and values of dominant groups 2. various groups' power within society 3. the standards and values of subordinate groups 4. social interaction The standards and values of dominant groups, various groups' power within society, and social interaction (2006). Chul Soo is Korean and currently lives in Seoul. A. c. Black men An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Principles of Social Psychology by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
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