chemolithotrophic bacteria slideshare

on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Kondratieva, E. N., Zhukov, V. G., Ivanovsky, R. N., Petushkova, Yu. 1996 The 16S rDNA-based phylogeny of the archaeal order Sulfolobales and reclassification of Desulfurolobus ambivalens as Acidanus ambivalens comb. Baas Becking, L. G. M., Parks, G. S. 1927. The phylogeny of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences, Quantification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in arable soil by real-time PCR, Evidence that particulate methane monooxygenase and ammonia monooxygenase may be evolutionarily related, Enzymology of the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite by bacteria, A survey of 16 S rRNA and amoA genes related to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the beta-subdivision of the class proteobacteria in contaminated groundwater, Mathematical modeling of autotrophic denitrification in a nitrifying biofilm of a rotating biological contactor, Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: a model for molecular microbial ecology. Click here to review the details. Epub 2017 Jan 4. Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_53, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Reference Module Physical and Materials Science, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Autotrophic bacteria Springer-Verlag Berlin and Science Tech Publishers Madison WI 1732, Zillig, W., Yeats, S., Holz, I., Bck, A., Gropp, F., Rettenberger, M., Lutz, S. 1985 Plasmid-related anaerobic autotrophy of the novel archaebacterium Sulfolobus ambivalens Nature 313 789791, Zillig, W., Yeats, S., Holz, I., Bck, A., Rettenberger, M., Gropp, F., Simon, G. 1986 Desulfurolobus ambivalens gen. nov., sp. Rev. What is the reverse electron flow and how/why is it used by some chemolithoautotrophs? Tap here to review the details. 1993 Pyrobaculum aerophilum sp. A problem posed by the chemolithotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria is the elucidation of the mechanism by which elemental sulfur and the sulfane-sulfur (-S-) of the thionic acids are converted to sulfite. USA 55 928934, Freitag, A., Rudert, M., Bock, E. 1987 Growth of Nitrobacter by dissimilatory nitrate reduction FEMS Microbiol. This is a type of dissimilatory nitrate reduction where the nitrate is being reduced during energy conservation, not for the purposes of making organic compounds. Much of the chemical conversions are performed by microbes as part of their metabolism, performing a valuable service in the process for other organisms in providing them with an alternate chemical form of the element. Two types of anaerobic chemolithotrophs oxidize hydrogen with carbon dioxide as electron acceptor: methanogens and homoacetogens, producing methane and acetate, respectively. Oxidation of trivalent antimony up to higher oxides as a source of energy for the development of a new autotrophic organism, Stibiobacter, gen. no v. [in Russian, with English summary.] Aleem, M. I. H., Hoch, G. E., Varner, J. E. 1965. 19 375390, Eccleston, M., Kelly, D. P. 1978 Oxidation kinetics and chemostat growth kinetics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on tetrathionate and thiosulfate J. Bacteriol. Springer-Verlag New York NY 2 in press, Khmelenina, V. N., Gayazov, R. R., Suzina, N. E., Doronina, V. A., Mshenshii, Y. N., Trotsenko, Y. How do. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. ." Microbiol. Plants, animals, and other organisms rely on bacteria and archaea to provide nitrogen in a fixed form, since no eukaryote is known that can fix nitrogen. In elementary particle physics, t, Aerobic Journal of Bacteriology 131:133135. Biochar decreases nitrogen oxide and enhances methane emissions via altering microbial community composition of anaerobic paddy soil. Epub 2016 Aug 5. Alvarez, M., Barton, L. L. 1977. You can also search for this author in 107 123130, Katayama, Y., Hiraishi, A., Kuraishi, H. 1995 Paracoccus thiocyanatus sp. Presentation by: 62 947953, Hanert, H. 1981 The genus Gallionella M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Trper, A. Balows, and H. G. Schlegel (ed.) 15 123134, Mechalas, B. J., Rittenberg, S. C. 1960 J. Bacteriol. The latter contain the compound chlorophyll , and so appear colored. As with chemoorganotrophs, metabolism of chemolithotrophs requires ATP and NAD(P)H for carbon metabolism and biosynthetic processes. 181 15691575, Wagner, M., Roger, A. J., Flax, J. L., Brusseau, G. A., Stahl, D. A. 1974. The latter is an uphill reaction and coupled with the consumption of the proton motive force (Figure 10.1). 0000015197 00000 n Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Acad. 0000006665 00000 n Even after decades of studies on sulfur oxidation by these bacteria, this problem has not been fully resolved although it is widely thought . An example of a colorless sulfur bacteria is the genus Thiothrix. 1989 Aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria H. G. Schlegel and B. Bowien (ed.) The chemolithotrophic prokaryotes. Sci. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chemoautotrophic-and-chemolithotrophic-bacteria, "Chemoautotrophic and Chemolithotrophic Bacteria These chemoautotrophs oxidize ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3-). 136 262269, Nelson, D. C., Revsbech, N. P., Jrgensen;, B. Oxidation kinetics and chemo-stat growth kinetics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on tetrathio-nate and thiosulfate. Bacteriol. 108 305312, Bock, E., Wilderer, P. A., Freitag, A. 0000000016 00000 n Epub 2019 Jan 24. 0000055936 00000 n Appl. 12. If a chemolithoautotroph is using an electron donor with a higher redox potential than NAD+/NADP, they must use reverse electron flow to push electrons back up the electron tower. Soc. Sci. 2264 0 obj <> endobj nov., a new species of thiocyanate-utilizing facultative chemolithotroph, and transfer of Thiobacillus versutus to the genus Paracoccus as Paracoccus versutus comb. Sci. 2022 Aug;30(4):1283-1294. doi: 10.1007/s10787-022-01007-w. Epub 2022 Jul 6. Trends Ecol. Encyclopedia of Geobiology pp 271272Cite as, Part of the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series book series (EESS). Broda, E. 1977b. Evidence for the presence of phosphoriboisomerase and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase in extracts of Desulfovibrio vulgaris. I. Leipzig: Engel-mann. Just as with either type of respiration, the best electron acceptor is oxygen, to create the biggest distance between the electron donor and the electron acceptor. Parasitenk. Frontiers of life, Editions Frontieres Gif-sur-Yvette France 307315, Gogarten, J. P. 1995 The early evolution of cellular life Trends Ecol. Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_53, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials Science. 80 501507, Metzdorf, N., Kaltwasser, H. 1988 Utilization of organic compounds as the sole source of nitrogen by Thiobacillus thiooxidans Arch. The presence of chemolithotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the sulfide-containing hydrothermal water supports the hypothesis that chemosynthesis provides a substantial primary food source for the rich populations of invertebrates found in the immediate vicinity of the vents. Download preview PDF. [1] Two types of lithoautotrophs are distinguished by their energy source; photolithoautotrophs derive their energy from light while chemolithoautotrophs (chemolithotrophs or chemoautotrophs) derive their . These nitrifying bacteria are important in the operation of the global nitrogen cycle. 15 340351, Ishii, M., Miyake, T., Satoh, T., Sugiyama, H., Oshima, Y., Igarashi, Y. Lewis, A. J., Miller, D. J. D. 1977. Isolation and characterization of Desulfovibrio growing on hydrogen plus sulfate as the sole energy source. Most life on Earth depends, either directly or indirectly, on sunlight and photosynthesis to generate organic carbon and cellular energy. Lett. 23 319324, London, J. Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. Trudinger, P. A. Biosphere 25 251264, Gommers, P. J. F., Kuenen, J. G. 1988 Thiobacillus strain Q, a chemolithoheterotrophic sulphur bacterium Arch. Baas Becking, L. G. M., Parks, G. S. 1927 Energy relations in the metabolism of autotrophic bacteria Physiol. 11 2657, Segerer, A., Stetter, K. O., Klink, F. 1985 Two contrary modes of chemolithotrophy in the same bacterium Nature 313 787789, Segerer, A., Neuner, A., Kristjansson, J. K., Stetter, K. O. 167 106111, Schnheit, P., Schfer, T. 1995 Metabolism of hyperthermophiles World J. Microbiol. PubMed Microbiol. Journal of Bacteriology 93:874878. Chemoorganotrophic growth of Nitrobacter agilis Arch. Introduction to the Chemolithotrophic Bacteria | SpringerLink Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115 Chemolitho (auto)trophic bacteria Elemental sulfur granules present in the tissues of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from a submerged cave in central Florida. Electron micrographs of GISH for OTU0001 on a mineral-enriched biochar particle. 20 337341, McDonald, I. R., Kelly, D. P., Murrell, J. C., Wood, A. P. 1997 Taxonomic relationships of Thiobacillus halophilus, T. Aquaesulis, and other species of Thiobacillus, as determined using 16S rRNA sequencing Arch. Thus, mixotrophy can enable these bacteria to dominate in mixed populations when both chemolithotrophic and chemoorganotrophic nutrients are present (Gottschal et al., 1979; Kelly and Kuenen, 1984). Evol. Chemolithotrophs use a variety of inorganic compounds as electron donors, with the most common substances being hydrogen gas, sulfur compounds (such as sulfide and sulfur), nitrogen compounds (such as ammonium and nitrite), and ferrous iron. Just like denitrification, the anammox reaction removes fixed nitrogen from a local environment, releasing it to the atmosphere. What conversion is occurring for each? The litho is a word with a Greek root meaning stone, thus this group of bacteria is called stone eaters (2). Appl. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Botanische Zeitung, 46, 261270. Chemoautotrophs, in addition to deriving energy from chemical reactions, synthesize all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide. Energy relations in the metabolism of autotrophic bacteria. Postgate, J. R. 1979 The sulphate-reducing bacteria Cambridge University Press Cambridge. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. 1974. 338 400406, Kondratieva, E. N. 1989 Chemolithotrophy of phototrophic bacteria H. G. Schlegel and B. Bowien (ed.) Characteristics of a moderately thermophilic and acidophilic iron-oxidizing Thiobacillus. A., Norris, P. R., Kelly, D. P. 1980 Metal-tolerant microorganisms of hot, acid environments G. W. Gould and J. E. L. Corry (ed.) Z. Appl. The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs, which use photons. CrossRef Springer, New York, NY. Indeed, the inorganic processes associated with chemoautotrophs and chemolithotrophs may make these bacteria one of the most important sources of weathering and erosion of rocks on Earth. 153 294298, Nishihara, H., Igarashi, Y., Kodama, T. 1991 Hydrogenovibrio marinus gen. nov. sp. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to take place. Ihre Lebensprozesse spielen sich nach einem viel einfacheren Schema ab; durch einen rein anorganischen chemischen Prozess werden alle ihre Lebensbewegungen im Gange erhalten. In: Schwartz, W., (ed. In: Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, KH., Stackebrandt, E. (eds) The Prokaryotes. 52 225233, Nelson, D. C., Wirsen, C. O., Jannasch, H. W. 1989a Characterization of large, autotrophic Beggiatoa spp. Ferric iron reduction by sulfur-and iron-oxidizing bacteria. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. and Metabolism 96 573574, Brierley, J. 363386 In: Bull, A. T., Meadow, P. M. These are called chemolithotrophs. nov. facultatively aerobic, extremely acidophilic thermophilic sulfur-metabolizing archaebacteria Int. } The designation lithotrophic means "rock eating," further attesting to the ability of these bacteria to grow in seemingly inhospitable environments. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Advances in Microbial Physiology 3:159196. Bacterial energetics Academic Press San Diego. Energetic aspects of the metabolism of reduced sulphur compounds in Thiobacillus denitrificans. 3 (microbial nutrition and cultivation), Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications), microbial nutrition and nutritional requirements dr. ihsan alsaimary, Biol101 chp4-pp-fall10-101004180751-phpapp02, Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Carbohydrates in Bacteria, Abasaheb Garware College, Department of Zoology, Karve road. Bacteria which use chemolithotrophic energy metabolism are soil and water species in the order Pseudomonadales, suborder Pseudomonadineae. (1981). 1976 The capacity of phototrophic sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina for chemosynthesis Arch. How are different nitrogen compounds used in their metabolism? Journal of Bacteriology 134:718727. Electrons from these electron donors are transferred to coenzyme Q or to cytochromes. Natl. Kelly, D. P., Eccleston, M., Jones, C. A. nov., Thiothrix unzii sp. Archives of Microbiology 118:2126. eCollection 2022. 0000047357 00000 n Denitrification refers to the reduction of NO3- to gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as N2. 160 306311, Beudeker, R. F., Kerver, J. W. M., Kuenen, J. G. 1981aOccurrence, structure, and function of intracellular polyglucose in the obligate chemolithotroph Thiobacillus neapolitanus Arch. Coupled Photochemical and Enzymatic Mn(II) Oxidation Pathways of a Planktonic Roseobacter-Like Bacterium Examples of inorganic compounds that are used by these types of bacteria are sulfur, ammonium ion (NH4+), and ferrous iron (Fe2+). European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 5:291299. 1943 Biochemical problems of the chemoautotrophic bacteria Physiol. Microbiol. Evidence for the presence of ribulose 1,5-bisphos-phate carboxylase and phosphoribulokinase in Methylo-coccus capsulatus (Bath). Weinheim: Verlag Chemie. Abstract. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Box 196, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0312, USA, Martin Dworkin Professor Dr. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University Medical School, 299 Campus Drive, Fairchild, D039, Stanford, CA, 94305-5124, USA, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel, Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, 80290, Munich, Germany, DSMZ- German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany, Kelly, D.P., Wood, A.P. 0000008879 00000 n These organisms are also called mixotrophs, since they require both inorganic and organic chemical compounds for their growth and reproduction. 0000005371 00000 n . Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Department of Bacteriology, University of California, 95616, Davis, California, USA, Lehrstuhl fr Mikrobiologie, Universitt Bayreuth, 8580, Bayreuth, Federal Republic of Germany, Institut fr Mikrobiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitt, 5300, Bonn 1, Federal Republic of Germany, Bacteriology Division, Centers for Disease Control, 30333, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Institut fr Mikrobiologie, Universitt Gttingen, 3400, Gttingen, Federal Republic of Germany, Kelly, D.P. Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Our results show the dominance of chemolithotrophic processes on the surface of biochar and MEB that can contribute to carbon sequestration in soil. Z. Rev. trailer 0000006065 00000 n These are bacteria that live in extremes of pH , temperature of pressure, as three examples. J. Syst. 1$0az@< 0=3{3;b5|@cj3E? @n In: Starr, M.P., Stolp, H., Trper, H.G., Balows, A., Schlegel, H.G. Mechanisms of chemoautotrophy, pp. That is, they derive their energy from the energy already stored in chemical compounds. A., de Bruijn, P., Robertson, L. A., Jetten, M. S. M., Kuenen, J. G. 1996 Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing micro-organisms in a fluidized bed reactor Microbiology (UK) 142 21872196, van der Graaf, A. Annual Review of Microbiology 25:177210. General Microbiology by Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The SlideShare family just got bigger. 2264 62 166 181186, Davis, O. H., Doudoroff, M., Stanier, R. Y. 0000009251 00000 n Bacteriol. nov., an autotrophic archaebacterium, facultatively oxidizing or reducing sulfur Syst. Chemoautotrophs generally fall into several groups: methanogens, sulfur oxidizers and reducers, nitrifiers, anammox bacteria, and thermoacidophiles. Journal of General Microbiology 107:123130. 0000082031 00000 n For clarity, only the immediate neighborhood of the OTU0001s clade is shown. 36 559564, Shima, S., Suzuki, K. I. This produces large amounts of excess byproducts, resulting in the loss of nitrogen from the local environment to the atmosphere. Oparin, A. I. Indeed, both chemoautotrophs and chemolithotrophs are able to grow on medium that is free of carbon. Marine ecology John Wiley & Sons London. A., Norris, P. R., Kelly, D. P., Le Roux, N. W. 1978. PubMedGoogle Scholar, University of Gttingen, Gttingen, Germany. 3951. 29 695707, Hagen, K. D., Nelson, D. C. 1996 Organic carbon utilization by obligately and facultatively autotrophic Beggiatoa strains in homogeneous and gradient cultures Appl. Biochar-induced negative carbon mineralization priming effects in a coastal wetland soil: Roles of soil aggregation and microbial modulation. Root exudates and rhizosphere soil bacterial relationships of. Madigan, M., and Martinko, J. 0000004053 00000 n They will not make as much ATP as an organism using aerobic respiration, since the largest E0 is found using glucose as an electron donor and oxygen as an electron acceptor. Sequence and heterologous expression of active methyltetrahydrofolate: corrinoid/ iron-sulfur protein methyltransferase from Clostridium thermoaceticum, The rocky roots of the acetyl-CoA pathway, Stable carbon isotopic fractionations associated with inorganic carbon fixation by anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, Something from almost nothing: carbon dioxide fixation in chemolithotrophs, Phylogeny of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase genes in haloalkaliphilic obligately autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Thioalkalivibrio, Occurrence, phylogeny and evolution of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase genes in obligately chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria of the genera Thiomicrospira and Thioalkalimicrobium, Enzymes and coenzymes of the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway for autotrophic CO2 fixation in Archaeoglobus lithotrophicus and the lack of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase in the heterotrophic A-profundus, Pathways of autotrophic CO2 fixation and of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to N2O in Ferroglobus placidus, CO2-responsive expression and gene organization of three ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase enzymes and carboxysomes in Hydrogenovibrio marinus strain MH-110, Find out more about saving to your Kindle, Book: Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism, Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790461.011. New York: Academic Press. eCollection 2022. 152 3943, Nishihara, H., Igarashi, U., Kodawa, T. 1990 A new isolate of Hydrogenobacter, an obligately chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic, halophilic and aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium from a seaside saline hot spring Arch. But how much less than 32 molecules of ATP greatly depends upon the actual donor and acceptor being used. Epub 2017 Aug 19. Aromatic-turmerone ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis via modulating gut microbiota in mice. You can read the details below. To save content items to your account, Fromageot, C., Senez, J. C.1960. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in In: Florkin, M., Mason, H. S. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Total loading time: 0 Taylor, S. 1977. Peck, H. D. 1962. Rev. Kelly, D. P. 1967. Examples of these proteins include ironsulfur proteins, hemoglobin, and coordination complexes. Microbiol. USA 95 68546859, Wood, A. P., Kelly, D. P. 1983 Autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of three thermoacidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria FEMS Microbiol. 1976. There are several common groups of chemoautotrophic bacteria. If the molecules are small, as with the elements listed above, they can be utilized by chemolithotrophs. Google Scholar. Evaluation of continuous chemostat cultivation of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on ferrous iron or tetrathionate, pp. Microbiol. The obligate autotrophthe demise of a concept. Serol. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. ), Bacterial leaching. 0000008410 00000 n Appl. Brierley, J. startxref Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Microbiol. PDF Chemolithotroph Bacteria: From Biology to Application in Medical Sciences Environ. Examples of chemoautotrophic nitrifying bacteria include Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. ), Mineral formation by bacteria in natural microbial communities, Microbes as geologic agents: their role in mineral formation, Micro-organisms and Earth Systems: Advances in Geomicrobiology, In search of a thermodynamic description of biomass yields for the chemotrophic growth of microorganisms, No soup for starters? Microbiol. Part of Springer Nature. In this chemolithotrophic reaction, ammonia is oxidized anaerobically as the electron donor while nitrite is utilized as the electron acceptor, with dinitrogen gas produced as a byproduct. 95 844855, Smith, A. J., Hoare, D. S. 1977 Specialist phototrophs, lithotrophs, and methylotrophs: A unity among a diversity of prokaryotes? Physiological Reviews 7:85106. Bergey's classification presentation - SlideShare abundant at hydrothermal vents of the Guaymas Basin Appl. Google Scholar, Gupta, R. S. 1998a Lifes third domain (Archaea): an established fact or an endangered paradigm? The smaller the distance between the two, the less ATP that will be formed. The bacteria, vol. xref nov Syst. It is particularly important in the high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions, where the presence of micronutrients is mandatory for the total primary production.[11]. 0000015112 00000 n Growth yields and the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation during autotrophic growth of Paracoccus denitrificans on methanol and formate. Natl. London: Academic Press. Thermochemistry is the part of thermodynamics that studies the relationship between heat and chemical reactions. 33 650651, Kawasumi, T., Igarashi, U., Kodama, T., Minoda, Y. 0000006778 00000 n Sci. The plant provides both the location to fix nitrogen, as well as additional nutrients to support the energy-taxing process of nitrogen fixation. 0000016985 00000 n 167 218225, Schlegel, H. G. 1975 Mechanisms of chemoautotrophy O. Kinne (ed.) [10], Iron is a very important element required by living organisms to carry out numerous metabolic reactions such as the formation of proteins involved in biochemical reactions. 0000047273 00000 n World of Microbiology and Immunology. 1988 Growth of Nitrobacter in the absence of dissolved oxygen Water Res. Chemolithotrophy - SlideShare Marine ecology, vol. 1976 Energetic aspects of the metabolism of reduced sulphur compounds in Thiobacillus denitrificans Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol.