Premium Ultra LWD Lime Life elements carry a limited 5 year warranty. How does one know when the steam isnt producing alcohol anymore? External electric hot plates avoid the internal mounting and wiring problems, but they are very inefficient. Hillbilly Stills specializes in home distilling equipment and supplies for experienced home distillers and first-timers. The woman in the office had no idea what was going on, and most of the time, they did not even answer the phone. Took them over a week to submit request for authorization for the part. Premium Ultra LWD Lime Life elements carry a limited 5-year warranty. Please note, the design of our website does not allow us to respond directly to blog comments. 110V with 2000Watt Element Temperature Controller, 110V with Two 2000 Watt Elements Temperature Controller, 220V Variable Single Element Temperature Controller, 220V Dual Variable Element Temperature Controller, Mile Hi Distilling Temperature Controller 110V 2000W (controller only), Mile Hi Distilling Heating Element Assembly 110V 2000W, Mile Hi Distilling Heating Element Assembly 220V 5500W, Mile Hi Stainless Replacement Water Heater Element 120V 2000W, Mile Hi Stainless Replacement Water Heater Element Straight Low Watt Density 220V 4500W, Mile Hi Stainless Replacement Water Heater Element Ripple 220V 5500W, Mile Hi Stainless Replacement Water Heater Element 220V 5500W, Camco Stainless Replacement Water Heater Element 220V 5500W, 1500W 110V Hotplate in Stainless Steel Heavy Duty, 2000W 220V Hotplate in Stainless Steel Heavy Duty, Heavy Duty Outdoor Propane Patio Stove SQ14 for a Keg or a Milk Can Boiler, Heavy Duty Outdoor Stainless Propane Stove, Jet Cooker Heavy Duty Outdoor Propane Stove for a Keg, Heavy Duty Outdoor Propane Stove KAB4 for a Keg or a Drum, Kick A Banjo Burner High Pressure Cooker KAB6. Read our complete summary for more info. Camco Electric Water Heater Element | Moonshine Distiller Home / Distillation Equipment / Heat Sources/Parts / Heating Element - Multiple Sizes Heating Element - Multiple Sizes $ 0.00 Heating Element * $27.49 Options Price: $27.49 Product Price: $0.00 Total: $27.49 Add to cart Or, you can run a 110V setup with this smaller element where you can just wire it directly into the wall. We have built controllers for mikro-distilleries as well as home-brewers and the guys and gals thathave purchased them give them two thumbs up. However, it is recommended that you have some way to regulate the power when using this electric heat conversion plate. The Heater Insertion Depth is 9 Inches. Before move on, a reminder: Brewing beer is legal in every US state. The SQ14 is a basic gas burner that also works well on kegs. If you're looking to buy high-quality, stainless steel stills, give us a call!Brewhaus America: 817-750-2739https://brewhaus.comhttps://brewhaus.com/distilling-equipment/heating-elements/http://www.brewhausforum.com/Moonshine Still Heating Element Options Never exceed the nameplate rating on the water heater. Heating - Moonshine Still Heating Heating the Boiler Now that you've got a real still, better give some consideration as to how the boiler will be heated. See all heat sources, photos, and pricing on our heat source page, How to Make Moonshine: A Distillers Guide Corn Moonshine. can be gas burner, electric hot plate or electric controller with hot water heating elements. The Clawhammer Supply digital controller is able to run in a set value mode as well as in manual mode. Installing the heating element adapter on one of our stainless stills is extremely easy. We also offer 1500W Stainless Steel Band Heaters that are made specifically for our kettles. No cycling of power like with an electric hot plate. Shop our site for a wide range of distilling equipment, including copper stills . Heating with Gas Install the temperature sensor from the Clawhammer Supply controller into the thermowell. Check out our full stash of Electric Controllers Here. Just been blessed with a still , cant wait to make a run !! The temperature sensor will simply slide into the thermowell. They are easy to install and come with detailed instructions on how to replace your old element. 110 Volt/1500 Watt Boilers up to 8 gallons, 220 Volt/2000 Watt Boilers up to 13 gallons. Never exceed the nameplate rating on the water heater. The run-up to 200,200 20,000 bt us That's a British thermal unit. Our Still Heater is the most efficient electric heating method we have because it is a cartridge-style, internal heating element. The full video install is located here. Required fields are marked *. heating element kit (if purchased), 1, 5, and 10 gallon copper "moonshine" stills, copper parrot kit, 8 gallon distillers, and our brewing and distilling controllers. The 10 burner really puts out the BTUs. Buy online today! | About Element Solar: We're a solar company that's extraordinarily human. Building a World Class Home Distillation Apparatus. Screw-in type elements fit most models of American, AO Smith, Bradford White, Craftmaster (prior to 1991), GE, GS Wood (certain models), Kenmore, Lochinvar, Maytag, Mor-Flo, Reliance, Rheem, Richmond, Rudd, Sears, State, Whirlpool and all water heaters manufactured after 1994. $ 25 82 $ 25.82 Our controller offers precision heat control - it is very easy to use, no cycling, and has simple controls. Whether youre a hobbyist doing a three gallon run or a distillery, you will find exactly what you need at Mile Hi Distilling. Likewise when talking to other folks about their distilling there also seems to be a lot of confusion around why you even need a heat controller in the first place and how and why you can use it to control your distillation temperature. They resist dry firing and are ideal for problem water areas and locations with intermittent water supply. Find these parts at www.rnwdistilling.com to make your own Copper Moonshine Still. $299.95 +$10.00 shipping. If you want an electric unit and it is under 10 gallons, you will be fine with a 110v unit. Never exceed the nameplate rating on the water heater. That amount of energy may work, given enough time, for small boilers but many find the boil up time excessive for boiler sizes over 5 gallons. Skip to videos about: Distilling Brewing Distilling How to Build a Copper Still - Part 1 - 2018 It is possible to installthe temperature probe from the controller inthe column thermometer location, but it is best to install it in the boiler location. Genuine OEM part. High Watt Density is the most common and the same type of element provided with most water heaters. Because these stills are individually handcrafted to ensure the highest quality, please allow up to six weeks for delivery*. (1) 220 Volt PID Controller And Temperature Probes Screw-in type elements fit most models of American, AO Smith, Bradford White, Craftmaster (prior to 1991), GE, GS Wood (certain models), Kenmore, Lochinvar, Maytag, Mor-Flo, Reliance, Rheem, Richmond, Rudd, Sears, State, Whirlpool and most water heaters manufactured after 1994. The weight of our heavy duty still, along with the liquid inside is just too much for the glass induction surface to handle. DIY Moonshine - Discount Moonshine Stills For Sale 2023, Professional Moonshine Maker - 2" Agitation Port, (1) 220 Volt PID Controller And Temperature Probes. Like most things in life, each selection has its' own merits and demerits. *Note These elements will not fit with our element guard kit, but will fit with our element conversion plate. I am into essential oil extraction. The controller supplies constant power while allowing the operator to control the amount ofpower by adjusting the knob. Required fields are marked *. MHD is the one stop shop for moonshine supplies. Premium Ultra LWD Lime Life elements carry a limited 5 year warranty. . Gas makes the entire apparatus much more portable. Like most things in life, each selection has its' own merits and demerits. FYI Mile Hi Distilling does not sell induction heating units. I received a call the other day on our Hi Proof Products line. We are selling these individually OR Installed right on your still for no extra charge. We will be glad to work with you. We have built and sent out hundreds of controllers and folks love them. Constant powerwith no power cycling. Please email us directly regarding questions about products. Attach the heating element adapter with a tri-clamp and gasket. The two most common choices are electric or gas. Extremely easy to dial in the drip rate of the still. Catfish Cooley - The Distillery Network Inc. Watch on Return Policy. All you need is our. 2002 - 2023 Brewhaus America Inc.. All rights reserved. We are the only still manufacturer that offers this. On the plus side, electric heating is much better suited for indoor use. We offer a high quality electrical heating upgrade for our moonshine stills ranging in sizes from 10 to 50 gallons. Camcos 1500W 120V screw-in foldback type Ultra low watt density water heater elements are better suited for areas with problem water (hard water, lime, etc.) This electrical heating element will not only save you an estimated eight percent compared tothe cost of natural gas or propane, it will also increase your accuracy. Heating Element Guard Kit | Moonshine Distiller Home / Distillation Equipment / Heat Sources/Parts / Heating Element Guard Kit Heating Element Guard Kit Rated 5.00 out of 5 based on 1 customer rating ( 1 customer review) $ 49.99 Heating Element * $27.49 Options Price: $27.49 Product Price: $49.99 Total: $77.48 Element Solar | 1,018 followers on LinkedIn. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, the open flames of gas heat are much more likely to start alcohol and combustible fires if great care is not taken. Mile Hi Distilling Heating Element Assembly 110V 2000W Rated 5.00 out of 5 $ 99.99. The hot water heater element insertion depth is 9 Inches. Fits most leading brands of ranges Except GE and Hotpoint. 14 reviews of Key Elements HVAC "Horrible service from this company that our Home Warranty sent to fix our AC. The replacement Camco heating element must be the same voltage and wattage as the element being replaced. Enter your email address below and we'll send you a free eBook on how to As a side note no one but Hi Proof Products does more testing and research on their controllers. They resist dry firing and are ideal for problem water areas and locations with intermittent water supply. They are available most commonly rated 110 & 220 volt and come in various watt ratings. Whichever method you choose to use rest assured that Hi Proof Products offers state of the art digital controllers in our on-line store like the one shown below. When running a still with an electric heating element and digital controller there is no need to worry about filling a propane tank, open flames, or a hot plate cycling. We currently carry 110v and 220v units, Hot Plates, and Power Controller Boxes. Ultra LWD and special metal surface (high performance nickel-chromium stainless steel alloy) reduce chances of lime build-up. The plug-in design makes for easy installation. Now that you've got a real still, better give some consideration as to how the boiler will be heated. Price: US $42.89 History: 261 sold] Shipping: $8.05 Expedited . Some tools needed for assembly. Camcos 5500W 240V screw-in ripple type ultra low watt density water heater elements are better suited for areas with problem water (hard water, lime, etc.) To run your still on electric power, all you need to do is screw in the electric heating element plate , clamp it back in place, and connect it to a power source. This is a complete moonshine still set which includes the. Tired of the high cost of propane or natural gas? *Note These elements will not fit with our element guard kit, but will fit with our element conversion plate. Moonshine Still Heating Element Optionshttps://youtu.be/KnDbl1gH3KwIn this video, Rick explains the different types of electric heating elements that Brewhaus America has available for heating your moonshine still, alcohol still, essential oil still, and more. And take note that if you need a particular controller such as a single 5500 watt, double 11,000 watt, triple 16,500 watt, or quad 22,000 watt controller just send us an email, fill out our contact page, or give us a call direct at. Our controller is designed to work with our 5 and 10 gallon copper still kits as well as our 8 gallon stainless steel stills. Moonshine Still Heating Element Conversion Plate Tri Clamp 2" to 1" NPS Adapter. Powered bySquarespace. Ultra LWD and special metal surface (high performance nickel-chromium stainless steel alloy) reduce chances of lime build-up. 2) You will need an electric heating element adapter and controller.This link has our controllers and adapters. The U.S. immersion heaters also require a separate 120/240 volt AC source to operate, and they respond very slowly to controls that would regulate the boiler temperatures. The Heater Insertion Depth is 9 Inches. Our distillation equipment is designed for legal uses only and the information in this article is for educational purposes only. Details about 304 Stainless Heating Element Enclosure, Moonshine Still 2" Tri clamp x 1" NPS See original listing. In order to heat a still with an electric heating element you will need a few things. We pride ourselves in having the most complete selection ofelectric still heatcontrollers and heat sources anywhere. The size of the distillation still is about 1 meter x 1 meter by 2 meters with acapacity of 600 kg of airdried citronella grass. He said that he tells all his customers that no controllers are needed to properly distill alcohol. Size Pot and Cap - 6 Gallons Thumper - 9x12 inches (Upgraded Thumper) Worm - 9x12 inches (Upgraded Worm) 220v Electric Element W/Controller Weight 22 pounds Copper Thickness Modern moonshine still boilers for the most part use the same electric immersion heaters that are used in residential and light commercial electric water heaters. Essential Oil, Tincture & Herb Oil Stills. live brighter. Heat the still at 100% of power until the still starts producing. 4 Inch Copper Modular Tower Individual Bubble Plate Section, Variable Speed Rheostat, Fan, Heating Element Controller - 15 Amp - 120v, Electric Heating Element Conversion Plate, Stainless Steel Tri-clover Ferrule Sanitary 304 Fitting Long Weld Shank, Variable Speed Rheostat, Fan, Heating Element Controller 15 Amp 120v, Hungarian Oak Cubes Medium Toast 16 Oz 1 LB, Hungarian Oak Cubes Medium Toast 3 Oz. We have tried a few of them, and they always break. The downside is that gas heat, in a confined space and without proper ventilation, will deplete the oxygen in the air. Copper is far superior to Stain. Ended: Aug 03, 2022. Your email address will not be published. Mile Hi Distilling Heating Element Assembly 220V 5500W $ 99.99 Details Mile Hi Stainless Replacement Water Heater Element 120V 2000W Rated 5.00 out of 5 $ 20.99 Add to cart Details Mile Hi Stainless Replacement Water Heater Element Straight Low Watt Density 220V 4500W $ 27.99 Add to cart Details Electric Heating Element Still Conversion Plate quantity Add to cart Always run the still by drip rate and not by temperature. We have a 100% guarantee on workmanship on our moonshine stills. Electric Heating Element Still Conversion Plate $20.99 Only 2 left in stock Purchase this product now and earn 41Points! They are easy to install and come with detailed instructions on how to replace your old element. Your email address will not be published. Simply put you cant do without a controller and now I will give you a more in depth explanation as to why you need to be able to control the heating process. Seems like last batch was great in the beginning but started getting watery later in the run. When running a still with a digital controller it is best to run the controller in manual mode. Is it possible to use electricity to heat this size of still and if so is it practical cost wise as to the cost of power required. . Relays are made in the USA by the most reputable manufacturer on the market. It can easily be installed in any of our hand crafted stills. 4 Inch Copper Modular Tower Individual Bubble Plate Section, Variable Speed Rheostat, Fan, Heating Element Controller - 15 Amp - 120v, Electric Heating Element Still Conversion Plate, Stainless Steel Tri-clover Ferrule Sanitary 304 Fitting Long Weld Shank, Variable Speed Rheostat, Fan, Heating Element Controller 15 Amp 120v, Hungarian Oak Cubes Medium Toast 16 Oz 1 LB, Hungarian Oak Cubes Medium Toast 3 Oz. All you need is our Electric Heating Element Conversion PlateorHeating Element Guard Kitand this Camco water heater element will attach to any of our boilers with a 2 fitting in the bottom. Sort by: Recommended Browse our different options below, and feel free to contact us if you have any additional questions. This still conversion plate will take the place of the standard 2 cap in the bottom of any of our boilers (except for the ones that come with no fittings). Contentused with permission fromDesign Trust For Public Art Space. Without mentioning any names. 110 Volt/1500 Thermostat Boilers up to 8 gallons, This heating element does cycle, butis affordable, 110 Volt/1500 Watt Single Boilers up to 8 gallons, 220Volt/5500 Watt Single Boilers up to 26 gallons, 220 Volt/5500 Watt Dual Boilers from 26 to 60 gallons, 220 Volt/5500 Watt Quad Boilers from 60 to 150 gallons. Make sure the controller is in manual mode andset the power to 100%. All you need to do is take this electric element and the supplied Nut and gasket and stick it in the hole you just cut and use the nut and gasket on the inside and you are ready to distill. Affordable, High Quality Electric Heating Elements. They have to be mounted inside the boiler (a messy thing to clean) and the wires run to the outside (a hard thing to seal from leaks). Install the thermowellfor the temperature sensor in the boiler thermometer location on the still. Attach the heating element to the still. Install the thermowell for the temperature sensor in the boiler thermometer location on the still. The replacement element must be the same voltage and wattage as the element being replaced. This heating element conversion plate is a 2" tri clamp to 1" NPS adapter for installing electric elements in a new boiler with a heating element port (2" tri clamp ferrule). We make it easy! Still heat source guide will help you identify the best way to heat your alcohol distiller or moonshine still. As output slows, increase the % of power (the still will need the power increased a few times during the run to maintain the desired output rate). A small 15,000 BTU cast iron outdoor cooking burner can be bought for about $10.00 in the U.S. (including shipping) that does an excellent job. Do not use this service. You can either run a 220V setup, which is what this controller box is for, with this larger element (which you can see has obviously been used). The replacement Camco heating element must be the same voltage and wattage as the element being replaced. We realize that some of you may prefer to pay with a check. Once the still starts producing dial the % of power downwards to match the desired rate of output. And it's a method for measuring tempo heat transfer. Typically the 220v units are installed on moonshine stills 10 gallons and up. This Universal Range Receptacle is designed for use with plug-in electric cooking elements. They are a proven design, are very easy to operate, and they workflawlessly. However, distilling alcohol is illegal without a federal fuel alcohol or distilled spirit plant permit as well as relevant state permits. POT, THUMPER, WORM, and CAP with Temperature Gauge, AND AN ELECTRIC COMPONENT built with 100% lead free materials. Ive got a 5 gallon pot still with an electric heating element, should it be down low by the heating element? Be the first to review Heating Element Multiple Sizes. Please read our complete legal summary for more information on the. Heavy Duty Outdoor Propane Patio Stove SQ14 for a Keg or a Milk Can Boiler . The success of a good distillation depends on a first class Still Heat Controller & Burners. We can help! screw-in foldback type high watt density water heater elements can be used in all replacement situations if the same wattage and voltage are used. We take all major credit cards or Paypal. We can help! This blog provides information for educational purposes only. They are generally limited in the U.S. to about 1600 watts on a 110 volt alternating current house circuit. That portability gives you the freedom to move the whole setup out to the garage, barn, utility shed, deck, backyard, or even the deep woods. Do you want to run your still indoors? We ship all of our stills via FedEx, and we offer shippingto customers in thecontiguous United States (48 States). A gas heat source will also react much more quickly to control changes than electric. Replacement heating elements are inexpensive. It is also easy to retrofit our heating element adapter to a copper still withacopper still heating element adapter kit. Camcos 1500W 120V Camcos 1500W 120V screw-in foldback type Ultra low watt density water heater elements are better suited for areas with problem water (hard water, lime, etc.) 1 - 3 of 3 items Sort By: 304 Stainless Heating Element Enclosure, Moonshine Still 2" Tri clamp x 1" NPS : Condition: New. and this Camco water heater element will attach to any of our boilers with a 2 fitting in the bottom. Shipping Update: Shipping Daily M-F. Orders Placed After 10 AM Ship the Next Business Day. can be gas burner, electric hot plate or electric controller with hot water heating elements. Suitable for use with electric cooking elements. They resist dry firing and are ideal for problem water areas and locations with intermittent water supply. Kick A Banjo is best suited for the 26 gallon boiler and has a surface area of 17. ELECTRIC: Hot Plates 110 Volt/1500 Watt Boilers up to 8 gallons 220 Volt/2000 Watt Boilers up to 13 gallons Do you want to run your still indoors? There are better HVAC service providers." For fourteen years we have searched out and tested many different products on the market until we narrowed the list down to the best product at the lowest possible price. All our stills are hand made and tested. Our Still Heater is the most efficient electric heating method we have because it is a cartridge-style, internal heating element. So small one, but it'll work with that. We don't answer questions about recipes, procedures, etc. Thecopper adapter kit includes everything you need to add a heating element to a copper still. Electric Heating Element W/Controller For Moonshine/Liquor Stills This is our electric heating element, brought to you by the American Copper Works. The two most common choices are electric or gas. Your email address will not be published. The heat can easily be adjusted to any setting from off to maximum, unlike the typical Low, Medium, High settings on electrical switches. Browse our different options below, and feel free to contact us if you have any additional questions. Boiler sits on top of hot plate and heats from the bottom. Our Copper Moonshine Stills are water tested before shipping and come with optional electrical elements for those interested in having their very own Electric Moonshine Still. The burners also come in higher BTU ratings if you are impatient with bringing the batch to boil. Camcos 5500W 240V screw-in foldback type high watt density water heater elements can be used in all replacement situations if the same wattage and voltage are used. Please read our complete legal summary for more information on the legalities of distillation. Distiller Alcohol Distillery Equipment Destilation Machine Moonshine Still , Find Complete Details about Distiller Alcohol Distillery Equipment Destilation Machine Moonshine Still,Moonshine Still Distiller Alchohol,Destilation Machine,Distillery Equipment from Supplier or Manufacturer-Hangzhou Zhengjiu Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Connections are soldered and crimped. The thermowell is included in our heating element adapter kit. The best thing about running a still with a controller is the ability to easily dial in the drip rate. However, it is best to run stills with an electric heating element and a digital controller. item 8 240V,3800 Watt Variable Amperage Controller With Element,E85,Moonshine Still 240V,3800 Watt Variable Amperage Controller With Element,E85,Moonshine Still. Moonshine Still DIY Kits & Parts Tri Clover Ferrules, Clamps, Gaskets & Thermometers Copper Pipe, Tubing & Fittings Compression, . These heating element controllers come with a 1-year warranty and are perfect for a serious home or commercial distilling setup. Our distillation equipment is designed for legal uses only and the information in this article is for educational purposes only. This controller is designed to work on any still up to 10 gallons in volume. It is best used outdoors. get started with brewing or distilling! Never exceed the nameplate rating on the water heater. The replacement element must be the same voltage and wattage as the element being replaced. Still heat source guide will help you identify the best way to heat your alcohol distiller or moonshine still. That is not to say that electrical Potentiometers cannot refine this control, but they cost more than the still. Never exceed the nameplate rating on the water heater. Electric immersion heaters are readily available for hot water heaters in the U.S. in either 1500 or 3000 watt sizes. If you're going to use propane, when you need to still have this, it has a diffuser plate here that swings right over the top of the flame. Copper Moonshine Stills & Micro Distillery Equipment, 53 gallon (200 L) Boiler with Agitator, 240V Electric Heaters & Controller, 26 gallon (100L) Jacketed Bain Marie Style Boiler, 13 gallon (50L) Bain Marie Style Jacketed Boiler with Copper Liner, 13 gallon (50L) Bain Marie Style Jacketed Boiler, 8 Gallon (30 L) Premium Kettle - Thermometer Option, 53 Gallon (200L) Multipurpose Distilling Kettle / Mash Tun / Fermenter, 26 Gallon (100L) Multipurpose Distilling Kettle / Mash Tun / Fermenter, 13 Gallon (50L) Multipurpose Distilling Kettle / Mash Tun / Fermenter, 240V Single Phase Dual Element Analog Heater Controller, 240V Single Phase Single Element PID controller, 240V Single Phase Single Element Analog Heater Controller, 110V Heater Controller with 2000 Watt Element and Boiler Adapter, 240 V Single Phase Immersion Element 4500/6000W, 240V Single Phase 4500 W Curved Immersion Element, 110V - 2000 Watt Heating Element with 2" Tri Clover Adapter, Tri Clover Ferrules, Clamps, Gaskets & Thermometers. The 220 Volt controllers with immersion heaters simply clamp to the boiler and are an excellent heat source that allow the operator to have total control over the heat. The replacement element must be the same voltage and wattage as the element being replaced. Before move on, a reminder: Brewing beer is legal in every US state. The hot water heater element insertion depth is 9 Inches. Every copper still for sale is made in the U.S.A. All our moonshine stills are made in the U.S.A by American Workers. The temperature sensor will simply slide into the thermowell. The fellow went on to tell me that he makes and sells stills. Heating Element Controller Kit Includes: -40 Amp Solid State Relay -Aluminum heatsink -Thermal paste and screws connecting the heatsink to the Solid State Relay -Locking on/off switch Screw-in type elements fit most models of American, AO Smith, Bradford White, Craftmaster (prior to 1991), GE, GS Wood (certain models), Kenmore, Lochinvar, Maytag, Mor-Flo, Reliance, Rheem, Richmond, Rudd, Sears, State, Whirlpool and all water heaters manufactured after 1994. Screw-in type elements fit most models of American, AO Smith, Bradford White, Craftmaster (prior to 1991), GE, GS Wood (certain models), Kenmore, Lochinvar, Maytag, Mor-Flo, Reliance, Rheem, Richmond, Rudd, Sears, State, Whirlpool and all water heaters manufactured after 1994. We offer a high quality electrical heating upgrade for our moonshine stills ranging in sizes from 10 to 50 gallons. Once the still has been filled and everything is securely attached with tri-clamps and gaskets (. We not only want to become the earth's most reliable . It'll generally cost you about $400 or more. The diffuser causes the flame to separate . and let's discuss your needs. However, distilling alcohol is illegal without a federal fuel alcohol or distilled spirit plant permit as well as relevant state permits.
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